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Two rams launch themselves at each other from a few metres’ distance for a clash of horns. Sometimes they begin from a threat-jump, in which the ram rears up on its hind legs before colliding with the opponent. The shock of impact is absorbed by a double layer of bone in the skull. Exhaustion leaves breeding rams vulnerable to malnutrition and predators, but ewes prefer to mate with dominant rams. Young rams cannot compete until their horns have reached full curl at seven or eight years of age. Bighorns can live 20 years or more, but life expectancy may be only six or seven years in populations that are reproducing rapidly.